Wikipedia Links for Algorithms and Probability

Algorithms:

Graph Algorithms
Search Algorithms
String Algorithms
NP Complete Problems
Polynomial Time Problems
Dynamic Problem
Longest Common Substring
Longest Increasing Subsequence
Longest Common Subsequence
Selection Algorithm

Some famous paradoxes:

Gambler's Fallacy
Ellsberg Paradox
Two Envelopes Problem
Neck Tie Paradox
Monty Hall Problem
Three Prisoners Problem
Bertrand's Box Paradox
Boy or Girl
Bertrand's Paradox
Anti martingale
St. Petersburg Paradox
Exchange Paradox

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